[3] Epidemiology [EH]
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- An epidemic is a disease widespread in?
- Human populations only
- All of 10,891 CSU Fresno students who graduated between 1995 and 1999 were included in a 10 year prospective study to determine if they were at greater risk of developing alcoholism then members of the general population of similar age. This would be an example of a?
- Prospective cohort study
- All of 10,891 CSU Fresno students who graduated between 1995 and 1999 were included in a 10 year prospective study to determine if they were at greater risk for developing alcoholism than members of the general population of similar age. A source of confounding bias in this study would be?
- Socioeconomic status
- Which of the following is correct regarding experimental epidemiological studies?
- ####
- An investigator solicits the participation of 154 males aged 21-60 in order to study the relationship between hypertension and ethnicity. What type of bias would the investigator introduce?
- ####
- The field of environmental epidemiology is?
- ####
- Mortality?
- Is the total number of deaths
- Which of the following types of study usually have the smallest number of participants?
- ####
- What does the abbreviation NRC represent?
- National Research Council
- A cohort study is?
- Either prospective or retrospective
- Which type of bias is inevitable in all studies?
- Confounding
- On the basis of the latest studies, the risk of developing lung cancer for moderate to heavy smokers, has been estimated to be as much as ____ % and ____ times greater than for non smokers?
- ####
- Confounding bias?
- Does not result from any error of the investigator, it is a basic characteristic of existence
- Who is regarded as the founder of modern epidemiology?
- Snow
- In a ____ study, the general approach is to evaluate a number of exposures in relation to one disease?
- ####
- Which type of study would be likely to have the most participants?
- Cohort
- Which of the following is not one of the major challenges of the science of epidemiology? major challen
- Inadequate computer technology
- To eliminate an observation bias it is best if?
- Neither the patient nor the data collector knows the diagnosis
- Which of the following is not a "cohort"?
- ####
- To conduct an environmental epidemiologic study on the working population means?
- Exclude children, the elderly, and those whose health is already impaired
- The founder of epidemiology is?
- John Snow
- In a ____ study, individuals are included on the basis of whether they have been exposed; in a ____ study, individuals are included on the basis of whether they have the disease being evaluated?
- Cohort, case-control
- Epidemiological techniques are used to determine?
- Associations
- In the study of pneumoconosis among mine workers which of the following would be a source of confounding bias?
- Smoking
- Morbidity?
- ####
- Once selection bias has occurred?
- It cannot be corrected
- Today's goal of environmental studies is to?
- ####
- Exposure to ionizing radiation has been found to be associated with?
- Cancer
- Two early epidemiologists who studied the relationship between lung cancer and smoking were?
- Doll and Hill
- In a epidemiological study 1,000 residents of a community were selected for participation in an epidemiological study looking at arthritis and past employment. The study population was divided up into a group of 400 diagnosed with arthritis and 600 without any symptoms. This type of study would be an example of a?
- Cross-sectional study
- Deficiencies in the study design usually account for which type of a bias?
- Selectional
- Today's changes in the epidemiology have emphasized improved study design and control of?
- Confounding variables
- The earliest epidemiologists were?
- Physicians
- Human exposure to electric and magnetic fields has been linked to be associated with?
- Leukemia
- A case-control study is?
- Only retrospective
- Today the trend is to employ studies that are?
- Exposure centered
- What was first recognized association between exposure and disease?
- The source of drinking-water supply and the incidence of cholera
- If an investigator uses non-comparable methods during data collection from a case and a control group what type of bias would be introduced?
- Observational
- In a ____ study, the general approach is to evaluate one exposure in relation to a number of diseases?
- ####
- The techniques of environmental epidemiology are designed to?
- Demonstrate a relationship or association between a given agent and one or more specific health effects